Blood stem cell transplant

About this approach

A blood stem cell transplant restores the cells that make blood after intensive cancer treatment. An autologous transplant uses the patient’s own collected cells; an allogeneic transplant uses cells from a donor. These procedures are used mainly for selected blood cancers and a limited number of other conditions. They are different from unproven stem-cell infusions marketed for general wellness. Transplant care includes preparation, cell infusion and an extended recovery period with infection prevention and regular testing.

Where it fits: Established intensive treatment pathway for selected cancers

Where this treatment is used

The cancer treatment given around transplantation and the type of transplant determine its purpose. With an autologous transplant, stored cells allow blood production to recover after high-dose treatment. With an allogeneic transplant, donor immune cells may also attack remaining cancer, an effect distinct from simply replacing blood-forming cells. Eligibility depends on the disease, response to earlier treatment, overall health and donor considerations. The safest useful approach is not the same for every patient. Blood counts may recover before the immune system fully recovers, so follow-up can continue for a long time. A transplant consultation should compare the expected disease-control benefit with other options and explain hospitalization, caregiver support, vaccination planning and possible long-term complications.

Procedure and practical considerations

Risks include serious infection, bleeding, mouth and digestive problems, organ damage and infertility. Donor transplants can cause graft-versus-host disease, in which donor immune cells attack the recipient’s tissues. Complications may arise early or much later and can be life-threatening.

Cancer guides that discuss this treatment

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Clinics reporting this approach

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